[State of mind in adolescents in Barcelona province (Spain): Evolution, associated factors and impact of the pandemic.] / Estado anímico en jóvenes de Barcelona provincia: evolución, factores asociados e impacto de la pandemia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the evolution of state of mind in adolescents in the province of Barcelona for the last six years and the specific impact of the pandemic and its experience. Likewise, analyse the associated factors both in pre-pandemic period and during. METHODS: Since 2015/2016 a Questionnaire on health related habits was carried out among 4th year high school students to which a COVID-19 chapter was added in the 2020/2021 academic year. There was a representative provincial pre-pandemic sample (N=15,118) and a sample during the pandemic (N=4,966). The dichotomous aggregate variable of positive/negative state of mind was constructed with six specific items to which the bivariate analyses and a multivariate generalized mixed linear model were carried out for both periods. Analysis performed with SAS. RESULTS: The pandemic significantly intensified the trend of worsening the state of mind adolescents, and widened the gender gap. Boys went from 17.9% (pre-pandemic) to 25.7% (during pandemic) with a negative mood, while girls from 31.9% to 52.9%. In modelling during pandemic, socioeconomic and family factors appeared relevant and significant. Sex, perceived poor health, being victim of harassment, self-perception of weight, excessive use of the internet and a poor perception of the residential environment remained significant as in the pre-pandemic model. CONCLUSIONS: The specific negative impact of the pandemic on adolescents' mental well-being is perceived, but it is too early to tell whether it is reversible or not and to assess the effectiveness of interventions to tackle it.

OBJETIVO: Se considera relevante analizar la evolución del estado anímico en adolescentes de la provincia de Barcelona en los últimos seis años y el impacto específico de la pandemia y su vivencia. Así como los factores asociados tanto en el periodo prepandemia como durante. METODOS: Desde 2015/2016 se realizó una encuesta de hábitos relacionados con la salud a alumnos de 4º de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). En el curso 2020/2021 se le añadió un bloque sobre la COVID-19. Hubo una muestra representativa provincial prepandemia (N=15.118) y una muestra durante la pandemia (N=4.966). A partir de seis ítems específicos se construyó la variable agregada dicotómica de estado anímico positivo/negativo a la que se realizaron los análisis bivariados y multivariantes a cada periodo. Análisis realizados con SAS. RESULTADOS: La pandemia intensificó significativamente la tendencia de empeoramiento en el estado anímico de la población adolescente y agrandó la brecha de género. Los chicos pasaron del 17,9% (prepandemia) al 25,7% (durante pandemia), con estado anímico negativo, mientras que las chicas variaron del 31,9% al 52,9%. En la modelización durante pandemia aparecieron relevantes y significativos los factores socioeconómicos y familiares, mientras que se mantuvieron como en prepandemia el sexo, la mala salud percibida, ser víctima de acoso, la autopercepción del peso, el uso excesivo de internet y la mala percepción del entorno residencial. CONCLUSIONES: El impacto negativo específico de la pandemia en el estado anímico de los adolescentes es apreciable, pero aún es pronto para saber si es o no reversible y para conocer la efectividad de las intervenciones al respecto.

Estado anímico en jóvenes de Barcelona provincia: evolución, factores asociados e impacto de la pandemia / State of mind in adolescents in Barcelona province (Spain): Evolution, associated factors and impact of the pandemic

FUNDAMENTOS: Se considera relevante analizar la evolución del estado anímico en adolescentes de la provincia de Barcelona en los últimos seis años y el impacto específico de la pandemia y su vivencia. Así como los factores asociados tanto en el periodo prepandemia como durante. MÉTODOS: Desde 2015/2016 se realizó una encuesta de hábitos relacionados con la salud a alumnos de 4º de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). En el curso 2020/2021 se le añadió un bloque sobre la COVID-19. Hubo una muestra representativa provincial prepandemia (N=15.118) y una muestra durante la pandemia (N=4.966). A partir de seis ítems específicos se construyó la variable agregada dicotómica de estado anímico positivo/negativo a la que se realizaron los análisis bivariados y multivariantes a cada periodo. Análisis realizados con SAS. RESULTADOS: La pandemia intensificó significativamente la tendencia de empeoramiento en el estado anímico de la población adolescente y agrandó la brecha de género. Los chicos pasaron del 17,9% (prepandemia) al 25,7% (durante pandemia), con estado anímico negativo, mientras que las chicas variaron del 31,9% al 52,9%. En la modelización durante pandemia aparecieron relevantes y significativos los factores socioeconómicos y familiares, mientras que se mantuvieron como en prepandemia el sexo, la mala salud percibida, ser víctima de acoso, la autopercepción del peso, el uso excesivo de internet y la mala percepción del entorno residencial. CONCLUSIONES: El impacto negativo específico de la pandemia en el estado anímico de los adolescentes es apreciable, pero aún es pronto para saber si es o no reversible y para conocer la efectividad de las intervenciones al respecto.(AU)

BACKGROUND: To analyse the evolution of state of mind in adolescents in the province of Barcelona for the last six years and the specific impact of the pandemic and its experience. Likewise, analyse the associated factors both in pre-pandemic period and during. METHODS: Since 2015/2016 a Questionnaire on health related habits was carried out among 4th year high school students to which a COVID-19 chapter was added in the 2020/2021 academic year. There was a representative provincial pre-pandemic sample (N=15,118) and a sample during the pandemic (N=4,966). The dichotomous aggregate variable of positive/negative state of mind was constructed with six specific items to which the bivariate analyses and a multivariate generalized mixed linear model were carried out for both periods. Analysis performed with SAS. RESULTS: The pandemic significantly intensified the trend of worsening the state of mind adolescents, and widened the gender gap. Boys went from 17.9% (pre-pandemic) to 25.7% (during pandemic) with a negative mood, while girls from 31.9% to 52.9%. In modelling during pandemic, socioeconomic and family factors appeared relevant and significant. Sex, perceived poor health, being victim of harassment, self-perception of weight, excessive use of the internet and a poor perception of the residential environment remained significant as in the pre-pandemic model. CONCLUSIONS: The specific negative impact of the pandemic on adolescents’ mental well-being is perceived, but it is too early to tell whether it is reversible or not and to assess the effectiveness of interventions to tackle it.(AU)

Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de bebidas energéticas en jóvenes de la provincia de Barcelona / Prevalence and associated factors to energy drinks consumption among teenagers in the province of Barcelona (Spain)

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes de cuarto curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de la provincia de Barcelona, y su asociación con características sociodemográficas y hábitos de salud. Método: Estudio transversal que incluyó 8078 alumnos de centros educativos, seleccionados aleatoriamente, de 41 municipios de la provincia de Barcelona. Utilizando la Encuesta sobre hábitos relacionados con la salud se recogieron características sociodemográficas y de salud. Variables analizadas: consumo de bebidas energéticas, características sociodemográficas, hábitos de salud y prácticas de riesgo. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y bivariado. Para analizar los factores asociados al consumo de estas bebidas se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística, ajustados por sexo y edad, considerando significativo un valor de p <0,05. Resultados: El 30,9% había consumido bebidas energéticas en la última semana. Según el modelo, el consumo fue mayor en los varones (odds ratio [OR]: 3,29; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2,82-3,83), migrantes de primera generación (OR: 2,46; IC95%: 2,01-3,03) e hijos de padres sin estudios (OR: 3,15; IC95% 2,08-4,77). No desayunar (OR: 1,53; IC95%: 1,17-2,00), la práctica deportiva (OR: 1,40; IC95%: 1,11-1,75), el consumo habitual de alcohol (OR: 1,51; IC95%: 1,19-1,91) y tabaco (OR: 1,79; IC95%: 1,33-2,41), y un peor rendimiento escolar (OR: 2,21; IC95%: 1,47-3,32) resultaron factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: El uso de bebidas energéticas es frecuente en la población adolescente, con un patrón de consumo que varía según las características sociodemográficas, destacando el papel del sexo y los hábitos de riesgo para la salud. Una mayor evidencia sobre el consumo y sus factores de riesgo permitirá desarrollar estrategias preventivas eficaces. (AU)

Objective: To analyse the prevalence of energy drinks consumption among 4th year high school students in the province of Barcelona (Spain), and its association to sociodemographic characteristics and health related habits. Method: Cross-sectional study including 8078 students from randomly selected high schools in 41 municipalities. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were collected from the Questionnaire on health related habits. Studied variables: energy drinks consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, health related habits and risk behaviours. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. To analyse the factors associated with energy drinks consumption, logistic regression models were used, adjusting by sex and age and considering significance at p-value <0.05. Results: 30.9% of the sample consumed energy drinks during the last week. According to the model, consumption was higher among men (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.82-3.83), first generation migrants (OR: 2.46; 95%CI: 2.01-3.03), and children of parents without studies (OR: 3.15; 95%CI: 2.08-4.77). Not having breakfast (OR: 1.53; 95%CI: 1.17-2.00), practising sport (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.11-1.75), regular alcohol (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.19-1.91) and tobacco (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.33-2.41) consumption, and a worse school performance (OR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.47-3.32), were also risk factors for energy drinks use. Conclusions: Energy drinks consumption is a prevalent habit among adolescents. Its pattern varies depending on sociodemographic characteristics, with gender playing a relevant role. Health related habits and risk behaviours have been associated too to energy drinks use. Further evidence regarding consumption and its risk factors will allow the development of effective preventive strategies. (AU)

[Prevalence and associated factors to energy drinks consumption among teenagers in the province of Barcelona (Spain)]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de bebidas energéticas en jóvenes de la provincia de Barcelona.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prevalence of energy drinks consumption among 4th year high school students in the province of Barcelona (Spain), and its association to sociodemographic characteristics and health related habits. METHOD: Cross-sectional study including 8078 students from randomly selected high schools in 41 municipalities. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were collected from the Questionnaire on health related habits. Studied variables: energy drinks consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, health related habits and risk behaviours. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. To analyse the factors associated with energy drinks consumption, logistic regression models were used, adjusting by sex and age and considering significance at p-value <0.05. RESULTS: 30.9% of the sample consumed energy drinks during the last week. According to the model, consumption was higher among men (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.82-3.83), first generation migrants (OR: 2.46; 95%CI: 2.01-3.03), and children of parents without studies (OR: 3.15; 95%CI: 2.08-4.77). Not having breakfast (OR: 1.53; 95%CI: 1.17-2.00), practising sport (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.11-1.75), regular alcohol (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.19-1.91) and tobacco (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.33-2.41) consumption, and a worse school performance (OR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.47-3.32), were also risk factors for energy drinks use. CONCLUSIONS: Energy drinks consumption is a prevalent habit among adolescents. Its pattern varies depending on sociodemographic characteristics, with gender playing a relevant role. Health related habits and risk behaviours have been associated too to energy drinks use. Further evidence regarding consumption and its risk factors will allow the development of effective preventive strategies.